In poultry industries one of the most widespread ectoparasites is certainly the Dermanyssus gallinae, better known under the name of red mite. Globally, the presence of the Dermanyssus gallinae is widespread.
In Italy, for example, red mite infested farms exceed 80%, and in other countries the percentages are similar. Indeed, in Europe, the average number of infested farms is around 75% with the percentage being less in northern areas such as the Scandinavian countries where their climate, greatly attenuates the spread of mites.
The Dermanyssus gallinae spends the major part of its lifetime off the host seeking “refuge” in the cracks in buildings, in the joints of cages, under the rims of feeders or on perches etc., to then exit, especially during the night hours, to pounce on the dormant birds. The aim is to take on as much “blood meal” as possible which is indispensable for the ripening of eggs in the wombs of the females. The mite bites cause disorder and itching in the hens and induces a situation of chronic stress. This results in anaemia, decreased appetite and weight resulting in a decrease in productive performance. The altered physiology of the birds, if not mitigated, translates into a decrease of 10 to 15% of eggs laid.
Additionally, there is an increase of embryonic mortality in hatching eggs and a decrease in weight in table eggs. Among the most prominent features of these pests is their ability to survive in a fasting condition for prolonged periods. Also outstanding is the speed of their biological cycle under optimal conditions. In fact, in a matter of ten days or just a little more, the mite finishes its development and then after mating lays its eggs ready to hatch on the body of the birds. Temperature and high relative humidity, are among the main parameters that favour the development of the parasite. In the intensive farming of today temperature and relative humidity are deemed optimal conditions for bird welfare.
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